[Research Review] Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: A Review of the Latest Academic Literature and Training Practices (Article 477)

Source Reference: European Journal of Sport Science • International Scientific Research Findings Review Series

In the research field of the swimming section, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological insights. This research report is compiled from cutting-edge literature in the European Journal of Sport Science, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of experimental and control group subjects. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches but also provide a scientific basis for age-group athletes pursuing their personal best (PB).

Physiological Effects of Wetsuits on Body Streamlining and Drag Reduction in Swimming

Wetsuits are typically made of 3-5mm neoprene. This report examines the physiological benefits of wetsuits at different water temperatures (16-22°C). The results confirm that wetsuits provide significant buoyancy compensation, particularly by lifting the swimmer’s lower body (pelvis and legs), reducing sinking drag by up to 12%-15%, improving the swimmer’s average 100-meter pace by 4-8 seconds, while also offering excellent thermal protection.

Hydrodynamics of Pool Turns and Underwater Dolphin Kicking

In pool training, every turn is an opportunity to improve efficiency. This hydrodynamic study analyzed the gliding depth after pushing off the wall (optimal at 0.5-0.9 meters underwater) and the dynamic dolphin kick frequency before surfacing. The research indicates that the glide speed after the wall push is extremely fast; initiating high-frequency, low-amplitude dolphin kicks before the glide speed drops to cruising speed can maximize the extension of underwater momentum and reduce wave drag.

Pool Flip Turn Underwater Glide Length and Drag Testing

The following is a compilation of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data comparison:

Key Research Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, the following arrangements are recommended for actual training or equipment selection:

• Quantified Data Monitoring: It is recommended to use heart rate variability or maximal oxygen uptake zones to continuously assess autonomic nervous system fatigue and overload indicators.
• Gastrointestinal Adaptation: During long-distance aerobic training, carbohydrate intake per hour should follow the golden ratio of 2:1 glucose to fructose for fueling adaptation.
• Equipment Adaptation: When using carbon-fiber stiff plates or deep-section wheels, gradually increase weekly mileage to allow sufficient adaptation time for the Achilles tendon and joints.
• Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction: During the underwater pull phase, focus on engaging the EVF (Early Vertical Forearm) high-elbow catch technique, shifting the fulcrum of force to the latissimus dorsi to prevent rotator cuff strain.

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: What are the water temperature restrictions for wetsuit use in official races?

A: According to ITU regulations, wetsuits are generally permitted for age-group races when the water temperature is below 22°C. If the water temperature exceeds 24.5°C, wetsuits are prohibited to prevent overheating and heatstroke.

Q: Why is optical heart rate on watches often inaccurate during swimming?

A: Water can seep into the gap between the sensor and the skin, and the repeated muscle compression and contraction of the wrist during stroking severely interferes with optical blood flow detection. Therefore, chest strap heart rate monitors remain the most accurate for underwater heart rate measurement.

References and Academic Citations

1. European Journal of Sport Science (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

Further Reading

• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: A Review of the Latest Academic Literature and Training Practices (Article 639)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: A Review of the Latest Academic Literature and Training Practices (Article 861)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: A Review of the Latest Academic Literature and Training Practices (Article 1263)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: A Review of the Latest Academic Literature and Training Practices (Article 1257)