[Research Review] Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Swimming Pools and Analysis of the Underwater Dolphin Kick Effect: Latest Academic Literature Review and Training Practice (Article 639)

Reference Journal Source: European Journal of Sport Science • International Scientific Research Findings Review Series

In the research field of the swimming section, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological insights. This research report is compiled from cutting-edge literature in European Journal of Sport Science, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of subjects in both the experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches but also provide a scientific basis for age-group swimmers pursuing their personal best PB.

Physiological Effects of Wetsuits on Body Streamlining and Drag Reduction in Swimming

Wetsuits are typically made of 3-5mm neoprene. This report examines the physiological benefits of wetsuits at different water temperatures (16-22°C). The results confirm that wetsuits provide significant buoyancy compensation, particularly by lifting the swimmer’s lower body (pelvis and legs), reducing sinking drag by up to 12%-15%, improving the swimmer’s average 100-meter pace by 4-8 seconds, while also providing excellent thermal protection.

Hydrodynamics of Pool Turns and the Underwater Dolphin Kick

In pool training, every turn is an opportunity to improve efficiency. This hydrodynamic study analyzed the gliding depth after pushing off the wall (optimal at 0.5-0.9 meters underwater) and the dynamic dolphin kick frequency before surfacing. The research indicates that the glide speed after pushing off the wall is extremely fast; initiating high-frequency, low-amplitude dolphin kicks before the glide speed drops to cruising speed can maximize the extension of underwater momentum and reduce wave drag.

Flip Turn Underwater Glide Length and Drag Testing

The following is a compiled comparison of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data:

Key Research Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, the following arrangements are recommended for actual training or equipment selection:

• Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction: When performing underwater arm strokes, focus on engaging the EVF (Early Vertical Forearm) high-elbow catch technique, shifting the fulcrum of force to the latissimus dorsi to prevent rotator cuff strain.
• Quantified Data Monitoring: It is recommended to use heart rate variability or VO₂max zones to continuously assess autonomic nervous system fatigue and overload indicators.
• Biomechanical Feedback: Strengthening the gluteus medius and deep core muscles can significantly improve pelvic tilt during the support phase, preventing uneven patellar loading under high intensity.
• Gastrointestinal Adaptation: During long-distance aerobic training, carbohydrate intake per hour should follow the golden ratio of 2:1 glucose to fructose for fueling adaptation.

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: What are the temperature restrictions for wetsuit use in official competitions?

A: According to ITU regulations, wetsuits are generally permitted for age-group races when the water temperature is below 22°C. If the water temperature exceeds 24.5°C, wetsuits are prohibited to prevent overheating and heatstroke.

Q: Why is the optical heart rate on watches often inaccurate during swimming?

A: Water can seep into the gap between the sensor and the skin, and the repeated muscle compression and contraction in the wrist during strokes severely interferes with optical blood flow detection. Therefore, a chest strap heart rate monitor remains the most accurate for underwater heart rate measurement.

References and Academic Citations

1. European Journal of Sport Science (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

Further Reading

• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Swimming Pools and Analysis of the Underwater Dolphin Kick Effect: Latest Academic Literature Review and Training Practice (Article 477)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Swimming Pools and Analysis of the Underwater Dolphin Kick Effect: Latest Academic Literature Review and Training Practice (Article 861)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Swimming Pools and Analysis of the Underwater Dolphin Kick Effect: Latest Academic Literature Review and Training Practice (Article 1263)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Swimming Pools and Analysis of the Underwater Dolphin Kick Effect: Latest Academic Literature Review and Training Practice (Article 1257)