【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Pools and Analysis of the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicks: Latest Academic Literature Review and Training Practice (Article 1047)

Reference Journal Source: European Journal of Sport Science • International Scientific Research Findings Review Series

In the research field of the swimming section, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological codes. This research report is compiled from the cutting-edge literature of European Journal of Sport Science, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of subjects in the experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches, but also provide a scientific basis for age-group athletes pursuing their personal best (PB).

Physiological Effects of Swim Wetsuits on Body Streamlining and Drag Reduction

Wetsuits are typically made of 3-5mm Neoprene. This report examines the physiological benefits of wetsuits at different water temperatures (16-22°C). The results confirm that wetsuits provide significant buoyancy compensation, particularly by lifting the swimmer’s lower body (pelvis and legs), reducing sinking drag by up to 12%-15%, improving the swimmer’s average 100m pace by 4-8 seconds, while also providing excellent thermal protection.

Hydrodynamics of Pool Turns and Underwater Dolphin Kicks

In pool training, every turn is an opportunity to improve efficiency. This hydrodynamic study analyzed the gliding depth after pushing off the wall (optimal at 0.5-0.9m underwater) and the dynamic dolphin kick frequency before surfacing. The research indicates that the glide speed after pushing off the wall is extremely fast; initiating high-frequency, low-amplitude dolphin kicks before the glide speed drops to cruising speed can maximize the continuation of underwater momentum and reduce wave drag.

Pool Flip Turn Underwater Glide Length and Drag Testing

Below is the compiled comparison of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data:

Core Scientific Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, it is recommended to follow the following arrangements in actual training or equipment selection:

• Equipment Performance Adaptation: When using carbon-fiber rigid plates or deep-section wheels, gradually increase weekly mileage to allow sufficient adaptation time for the Achilles tendon and joints.
• Quantified Data Monitoring: It is recommended to use heart rate variability or maximal oxygen uptake zones to continuously assess autonomic nervous system fatigue and overload indicators.
• Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction: During the underwater pull phase in swimming, focus on engaging the EVF (Early Vertical Forearm) high-elbow catch technique, shifting the fulcrum of force to the latissimus dorsi to prevent rotator cuff strain.
• Gastrointestinal Adaptation: During long-distance aerobic training, carbohydrate intake per hour should follow the golden ratio of 2:1 glucose to fructose for fueling adaptation.

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: What are the water temperature restrictions for wetsuit use in official races?

A: According to ITU regulations, wetsuits are generally permitted for age-group races when water temperature is below 22°C. If the water temperature exceeds 24.5°C, wetsuits are prohibited to prevent overheating and heatstroke.

Q: Why is optical heart rate monitoring on watches often inaccurate during swimming?

A: Water can seep into the gap between the sensor and the skin, and the repeated muscle contraction and compression of the wrist during the stroke can severely interfere with optical blood flow detection. Therefore, a chest strap heart rate transmitter remains the most accurate for underwater heart rate monitoring.

References and Academic Citations

1. European Journal of Sport Science (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

Further Reading

• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Pools and Analysis of the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicks: Latest Academic Literature Review and Training Practice (Article 1293)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Pools and Analysis of the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicks: Advances in Frontier Exercise Physiology Research (Article 1470)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Pools and Analysis of the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicks: Advances in Frontier Exercise Physiology Research (Article 1449)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Pools and Analysis of the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicks: Advances in Frontier Exercise Physiology Research (Article 1428)