[Research Review] Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effect of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in the Pool: A Study of Elite Swimmers’ Physiological Characteristics (No. 1224)

Reference Journal Source: European Journal of Sport Science • International Research Findings Review Series

In the research field of the swimming section, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological details. This research report is translated from the cutting-edge literature of the European Journal of Sport Science, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of subjects in the experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches, but also provide a scientific basis for age-group swimmers pursuing their personal best (PB).

Physiological Effects of Wetsuits on Body Streamlining and Drag Reduction in Swimming

Wetsuits are typically made of 3-5mm neoprene. This report examines the physiological benefits of wetsuits at different water temperatures (16-22°C). The results confirm that wetsuits provide significant buoyancy compensation, particularly by lifting the swimmer’s lower body (pelvis and legs), reducing sinking drag by up to 12%-15%, improving the swimmer’s average 100m pace by 4-8 seconds, while also providing excellent thermal protection.

Hydrodynamics of Pool Turns and Underwater Dolphin Kicking

In pool training, every turn is an opportunity to improve efficiency. This hydrodynamic study analyzed the glide depth after pushing off the wall (optimal at 0.5-0.9m underwater) and the dynamic dolphin kick frequency before surfacing. The research indicates that the glide speed after pushing off the wall is very high; initiating high-frequency, low-amplitude dolphin kicks before the glide speed drops to cruising speed can maximize the continuation of underwater momentum and reduce wave drag.

Pool Flip Turn Glide Length and Drag Testing

The following is a comparison of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data compiled for you:

Key Research Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, it is recommended to follow the arrangements below during actual training or equipment selection:

• Hydrodynamic drag reduction: When performing underwater pulling during swimming, focus on engaging the EVF (Early Vertical Forearm) high-elbow catch technique, shifting the fulcrum of force to the latissimus dorsi to prevent rotator cuff strain.
• Equipment effectiveness adaptation: When using carbon-fiber stiff-soled shoes or deep-section wheels, gradually increase weekly mileage to allow sufficient adaptation time for the Achilles tendon and joints.
• Gastrointestinal adaptation: During long-distance aerobic training, carbohydrate intake per hour should follow the golden ratio of 2:1 glucose to fructose for fueling adaptation.
• Quantitative data monitoring: It is recommended to use heart rate variability or VO2max zones to regularly assess autonomic nervous system fatigue and overload indicators.

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: What are the water temperature restrictions for wetsuit use in official races?

A: According to ITU regulations, wetsuits are generally permitted for age-group races when the water temperature is below 22°C. If the temperature exceeds 24.5°C, wetsuits are prohibited to prevent overheating and heatstroke.

Q: Why is the optical heart rate on a watch often inaccurate during swimming?

A: Water can seep into the gap between the sensor and the skin, and the repeated muscle compression and contraction of the wrist during pulling can severely interfere with optical blood flow detection. Therefore, a chest strap heart rate monitor remains the most accurate for underwater heart rate measurement.

References and Academic Citations

1. European Journal of Sport Science (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

Related Reading

• Research Review: Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effect of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in the Pool: A Study of Elite Swimmers’ Physiological Characteristics (No. 612)
• Research Review: Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effect of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in the Pool: A Study of Elite Swimmers’ Physiological Characteristics (No. 1131)
• Research Review: Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effect of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in the Pool: A Study of Elite Swimmers’ Physiological Characteristics (No. 891)
• Research Review: Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effect of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in the Pool: A Study of Elite Swimmers’ Physiological Characteristics (No. 396)