【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicks in Swimming Pools: Latest Academic Literature Review and Training Practice (Article 1263)

Reference Journal Source: European Journal of Sport Science • International Scientific Research Findings Review Series

In the research field of the swimming section, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological codes. This research report is compiled from cutting-edge literature in the European Journal of Sport Science, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of subjects in the experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches, but also provide a scientific basis for age-group athletes pursuing their personal best (PB).

Physiological Effects of Wetsuits on Human Body Streamlining and Drag Reduction

Wetsuits are typically made of 3-5mm neoprene rubber. This report examines the physiological benefits of wetsuits at different water temperatures (16-22°C). The results confirm that wetsuits provide significant buoyancy compensation, particularly by lifting the swimmer’s lower body (pelvis and legs), reducing sinking drag by up to 12%-15%, improving the swimmer’s average 100m pace by 4-8 seconds, while also providing excellent thermal protection.

Hydrodynamics of Pool Turns and Underwater Dolphin Kicks

In pool training, every turn is an opportunity to improve efficiency. This hydrodynamic study analyzed the gliding depth after pushing off the wall (optimal at 0.5-0.9m underwater) and the dynamic dolphin kick frequency before surfacing. The research indicates that the push-off glide speed is extremely fast; initiating high-frequency, low-amplitude dolphin kicks before the glide speed drops to cruising speed can maximize the continuation of underwater momentum and reduce wave drag.

Pool Flip Turn Underwater Glide Length and Drag Testing

Below is the compiled comparison of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data:

Core Scientific Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, it is recommended to follow the following arrangements in actual training or equipment selection:

• Gastrointestinal Adaptation: During long-distance aerobic training, carbohydrate intake per hour should follow the golden ratio of 2:1 glucose to fructose for adaptation.
• Biomechanical Feedback: Strengthening the gluteus medius and deep core muscles can significantly improve pelvic tilt during the stance phase, preventing uneven patellar loading under high intensity.
• Equipment Efficacy Adaptation: When using carbon-fiber stiff plates or deep-section wheels, gradually increase weekly mileage to allow the Achilles tendon and joints sufficient adaptation time.

Common Scientific Q&A (FAQ)

Q: What are the temperature restrictions for wetsuit use in official races?

A: According to ITU regulations, wetsuits are generally permitted for age-group races when water temperature is below 22°C; if the water temperature exceeds 24.5°C, wetsuits are prohibited to prevent overheating and heatstroke.

Q: Why is optical heart rate on watches often inaccurate during swimming?

A: Water can seep into the gap between the sensor and the skin, and the repeated muscle compression and contraction of the wrist during strokes severely interferes with optical blood flow detection. Therefore, chest strap heart rate monitors remain the most accurate for underwater heart rate measurement.

References and Academic Citations

1. European Journal of Sport Science (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

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