[Research Review] Quantitative Biomechanical Study of High Elbow Position (EVF) and Latissimus Dorsi Torque During the Swimming Catch Phase: Exploring the Relationship Between Clinical Medicine and Athletic Performance (Article 1266)

Source Reference: Journal of Applied Biomechanics • International Research Findings Review Series

In the research field of the swimming section, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological codes. This research report is compiled from cutting-edge literature in the Journal of Applied Biomechanics, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of subjects in both the experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches but also provide a scientific basis for age-group athletes pursuing their personal best (PB).

Definition of Critical Swim Speed (CSS) in Scientific Training

Critical Swim Speed (CSS) refers to the maximum sustainable cruising pace (generally defined as the pace per 100 meters) that a swimmer can maintain without excessive lactate accumulation. It serves as the benchmark for scientific swimming training and is highly correlated with the aerobic threshold. It is typically determined by performing all-out 400-meter and 200-meter tests and calculating the slope of time versus distance, which allows for the design of the most precise cruise interval workouts.

Muscle Engagement and Mechanical Advantages of Early Vertical Forearm (EVF)

Early Vertical Forearm (EVF) is the most propulsive-efficient catch movement in modern freestyle swimming. This mechanical experiment analyzed the projected arm area and shoulder joint torque during the underwater pull phase. The results found that EVF allows swimmers to position the forearm and palm perpendicular to the direction of water flow in the first half of the stroke, significantly increasing the effective projected cross-sectional area and shifting the fulcrum of force generation to the powerful latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles, greatly reducing the load on the deltoid muscles of the shoulder.

Comparative Table of Mechanical Efficiency Experiments: EVF vs. Straight-Arm Pull

Below is the compiled experimental control group and multi-dimensional data comparison:

Core Research Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, it is recommended to follow the following arrangements in actual training or equipment selection:

• Biomechanical Feedback: Strengthening the gluteus medius and deep core muscles can significantly improve pelvic tilt during the support phase, preventing uneven patellar loading under high intensity.
• Gastrointestinal Adaptation: During long-distance aerobic training, carbohydrate intake per hour should be adapted using the golden ratio of 2:1 glucose to fructose.
• Equipment Adaptation: When using carbon-fiber stiff plates or deep-section wheels, gradually increase weekly mileage to allow the Achilles tendon and joints sufficient adaptation time.

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: How do I calculate my own CSS pace?

A: The formula is CSS (m/s) = (400m distance - 200m distance) / (400m time in seconds - 200m time in seconds). Convert the resulting value to a per-100m pace.

Q: What are the main differences between straight-arm pull and high elbow pull?

A: Straight-arm pull generates a downward force component, causing dramatic fluctuations in the body’s waterline that increase water resistance, and creates significant frictional stress on the rotator cuff joint capsule, easily leading to “swimmer’s shoulder.”

References and Academic Citations

1. Journal of Applied Biomechanics (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

Related Reading

• Research Review: Quantitative Biomechanical Study of High Elbow Position (EVF) and Latissimus Dorsi Torque During the Swimming Catch Phase: Exploring the Relationship Between Clinical Medicine and Athletic Performance (Article 1116)
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