![Research Review] Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Swimming Pools and Analysis of the Underwater Dolphin Kick Effect: Advances in Frontier Exercise Physiology Research (Article 1449)](/media/articles/images/article-11047-flip-turn—1449.png)

[Research Review] Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn in Swimming Pools and Analysis of the Underwater Dolphin Kick Effect: Advances in Frontier Exercise Physiology Research (Article 1449)

Reference Journal Source: European Journal of Sport Science • International Scientific Research Findings Review Series

In the research field of the swimming section, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological codes. This research report is compiled from the frontier literature of the European Journal of Sport Science, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of subjects in the experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches but also provide a scientific basis for age-group athletes pursuing their personal best (PB).

Physiological Effects of Swimming Wetsuits on Body Streamlining and Drag Reduction

Wetsuits are typically made of 3-5mm neoprene rubber. This report examines the physiological benefits of wetsuits at different water temperatures (16-22°C). The results confirm that wetsuits provide significant buoyancy compensation, particularly by lifting the swimmer’s lower body (pelvis and legs), reducing sinking drag by up to 12%-15%, improving the swimmer’s average 100-meter pace by 4-8 seconds, while also providing excellent thermal protection.

Hydrodynamics of Pool Turns and the Underwater Dolphin Kick

In pool training, every turn is an opportunity to improve efficiency. This hydrodynamic study analyzed the glide depth after pushing off the wall (optimal at 0.5-0.9 meters underwater) and the dynamic dolphin kick frequency before surfacing. The research indicates that the glide speed after pushing off the wall is extremely fast; initiating high-frequency, low-amplitude dolphin kicks before the glide speed drops to cruising speed can maximize the continuation of underwater momentum and reduce wave drag.

Glide Length and Drag Testing of the Flip Turn in Swimming Pools

Below is the compiled comparison of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data:

Core Research Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, it is recommended to follow the following arrangements in actual training or equipment selection:

• Quantitative Data Monitoring: It is recommended to use heart rate variability or VO2max zones to continuously assess autonomic nervous system fatigue and overload indicators.
• Equipment Performance Adaptation: When using carbon-fiber stiff plates or deep-section wheels, gradually increase weekly mileage to allow sufficient adaptation time for the Achilles tendon and joints.
• Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction: During the underwater pull phase in swimming, focus on engaging the EVF (Early Vertical Forearm) high-elbow catch technique, shifting the fulcrum of force to the latissimus dorsi to prevent rotator cuff strain.
• Biomechanical Feedback: Strengthening the gluteus medius and deep core muscles can significantly improve pelvic tilt during the stance phase, preventing uneven patellar loading under high intensity.

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: What are the temperature restrictions for wearing wetsuits in official competitions?

A: According to ITU regulations, wetsuits are generally permitted for age-group events when the water temperature is below 22°C. If the temperature exceeds 24.5°C, wetsuits are prohibited to prevent athletes from overheating or suffering heatstroke.

Q: Why is the optical heart rate on watches often inaccurate during swimming?

A: Water can seep into the gap between the sensor and the skin, and the repeated muscle compression and contraction of the wrist during the stroke can severely interfere with optical blood flow detection. Therefore, a chest strap heart rate monitor remains the most accurate for underwater heart rate measurement.

References and Academic Citations

1. European Journal of Sport Science (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

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