[Research Review] Quantitative Biomechanical Study of High Elbow Position (EVF) and Latissimus Dorsi Torque During the Swimming Catch Phase: Exploring the Relationship Between Clinical Medicine and Athletic Performance (Article 153)

Reference Journal Source: Journal of Applied Biomechanics • International Scientific Research Review Series

In the swimming section of the research field, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological codes. This research report is compiled from cutting-edge literature in the Journal of Applied Biomechanics, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of subjects in the experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches, but also provide a scientific basis for age-group athletes pursuing their personal best (PB).

Defining Critical Swim Speed (CSS) in Scientific Training

Critical Swim Speed (CSS) refers to the maximum cruising pace a swimmer can sustain without excessive lactate accumulation (generally defined as the pace per 100 meters). It serves as a benchmark for scientific swim training and is highly correlated with the aerobic threshold. It is typically determined by performing all-out 400-meter and 200-meter tests and calculating the slope of time versus distance, allowing for the design of the most precise cruise interval workouts.

Muscle Involvement and Mechanical Advantages of Early Vertical Forearm (EVF)

Early Vertical Forearm (EVF) is the most propulsive-efficient catch technique in modern freestyle. This mechanical experiment analyzed the projected arm area and shoulder joint torque of swimmers during the underwater pull phase. The results found that EVF allows swimmers to orient the forearm and palm perpendicular to the water flow direction in the first half of the stroke, significantly increasing the effective projected cross-sectional area. It also shifts the fulcrum of force generation to the powerful latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles, substantially reducing the load on the deltoid muscles of the shoulder.

Comparative Table of Mechanical Efficiency: High Elbow Catch (EVF) vs. Straight-Arm Pull

Below is the compiled comparison of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data:

Core Scientific Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, the following arrangements are recommended for actual training or equipment selection:

• Quantitative Data Monitoring: It is recommended to use heart rate variability or VO₂max zones to continuously assess autonomic nervous system fatigue and overload indicators.
• Equipment Adaptation: When using carbon-fiber stiff plates or deep-section wheels, weekly mileage should be increased gradually to allow the Achilles tendon and joints sufficient adaptation time.
• Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction: During the underwater pull phase, swimmers should focus on engaging the EVF high elbow catch technique, shifting the fulcrum of force to the latissimus dorsi to prevent rotator cuff overuse injuries.

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: How do I calculate my own CSS pace?

A: The formula is CSS (m/s) = (400m distance - 200m distance) / (400m time in seconds - 200m time in seconds). Convert the resulting value to a per-100m pace.

Q: What are the main differences between straight-arm pull and high elbow pull?

A: Straight-arm pulling generates a downward force component, causing significant fluctuation of the body’s waterline and increasing water resistance. It also places extreme frictional stress on the shoulder joint capsule, easily leading to “swimmer’s shoulder.”

References and Academic Citations

1. Journal of Applied Biomechanics (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

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