【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: An International Scientific Literature Compilation and Review Report (No. 198)

Reference Journal Source: European Journal of Sport Science • International Scientific Research Findings Review Series

In the swimming section of the research field, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological codes. This research report is compiled from cutting-edge literature in the European Journal of Sport Science, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of subjects in both the experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches but also provide a scientific basis for age-group athletes pursuing their personal best (PB).

Physiological Effects of Swimming Wetsuits on Body Streamlining and Drag Reduction

Wetsuits are typically made of 3-5mm neoprene. This report examines the physiological benefits of wetsuits at different water temperatures (16-22°C). The results confirm that wetsuits provide significant buoyancy compensation, particularly by lifting the swimmer’s lower body (pelvis and legs), reducing sinking drag by up to 12%-15%, improving the swimmer’s average 100-meter pace by 4-8 seconds, while also providing excellent thermal protection.

Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools

In pool training, every turn is an opportunity to improve efficiency. This hydrodynamic study analyzed the glide depth after pushing off the wall (optimal at 0.5-0.9 meters underwater) and the frequency of dynamic dolphin kicks before surfacing. The research indicates that the glide speed after the wall push is extremely fast; initiating high-frequency, low-amplitude dolphin kicks before the glide speed drops to cruising speed can maximize the continuation of underwater momentum and reduce wave drag.

Flip Turn Underwater Glide Length and Drag Testing

Below is a compiled comparison of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data:

Key Scientific Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental findings of this paper, the following arrangements are recommended for actual training or equipment selection:

• Equipment Adaptation: When using carbon-fiber rigid plates or deep-section wheels, gradually increase weekly mileage to allow the Achilles tendon and joints sufficient adaptation time.
• Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction: When swimming with underwater pulls, focus on engaging the EVF (Early Vertical Forearm) high-elbow catch technique, shifting the fulcrum of force to the latissimus dorsi to prevent rotator cuff strain.
• Biomechanical Feedback: Strengthening the gluteus medius and deep core muscles can significantly improve pelvic tilt during the stance phase, preventing uneven patellar loading under high intensity.

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: What are the water temperature restrictions for wearing wetsuits in official competitions?

A: According to ITU regulations, wetsuits are generally permitted for age-group events when the water temperature is below 22°C. If the temperature exceeds 24.5°C, wetsuits are prohibited to prevent overheating and heatstroke.

Q: Why is optical heart rate monitoring on watches often inaccurate during swimming?

A: Water can seep into the gap between the sensor and the skin, and the repeated muscle compression and contraction of the wrist during strokes severely interferes with optical blood flow detection. Therefore, chest strap heart rate monitors remain the most accurate for underwater heart rate measurement.

References and Academic Citations

1. European Journal of Sport Science (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

Related Reading

• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: An International Scientific Literature Compilation and Review Report (No. 135)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: An International Scientific Literature Compilation and Review Report (No. 1167)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: An International Scientific Literature Compilation and Review Report (No. 852)
• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: An International Scientific Literature Compilation and Review Report (No. 375)