【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Pool Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking: Advances in Sports Physiology Research (Article 411)

Source Reference: European Journal of Sport Science • International Scientific Research Review Series

In the field of swimming research, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological insights. This research report is compiled from the frontier literature of the European Journal of Sport Science, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches but also provide a scientific basis for age-group swimmers pursuing personal best (PB) times.

Physiological Effects of Swimming Wetsuits on Body Streamlining and Drag Reduction

Wetsuits are typically made of 3-5mm neoprene. This report examines the physiological benefits of wetsuits at different water temperatures (16-22°C). The results confirm that wetsuits provide significant buoyancy compensation, particularly by lifting the swimmer’s lower body (pelvis and legs), reducing sinking drag by up to 12%-15%. This improves the swimmer’s average 100-meter pace by 4-8 seconds while also providing excellent thermal protection.

Hydrodynamics of Pool Turns and Underwater Dolphin Kicking

In pool training, every turn is an opportunity to improve efficiency. This hydrodynamic study analyzed the glide depth after pushing off the wall (optimal at 0.5-0.9 meters underwater) and the dynamic dolphin kick frequency before surfacing. The research indicates that the push-off glide speed is extremely fast; initiating high-frequency, low-amplitude dolphin kicks before the glide speed drops to cruising speed maximizes the extension of underwater momentum and reduces wave drag.

Pool Flip Turn Underwater Glide Length and Drag Testing

The following is a compiled comparison of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data:

Key Research Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, the following arrangements are recommended for actual training or equipment selection:

• Biomechanical Feedback: Strengthening the gluteus medius and deep core muscles can significantly improve pelvic tilt during the support phase, preventing uneven patellar loading under high intensity.
• Equipment Adaptation: When using carbon-fiber stiff plates or deep-section wheels, gradually increase weekly mileage to allow the Achilles tendon and joints sufficient adaptation time.
• Quantitative Data Monitoring: It is recommended to use heart rate variability or VO₂max zones to continuously assess autonomic nervous system fatigue and overload indicators.
• Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction: During the underwater pull phase, focus on engaging the EVF (Early Vertical Forearm) high-elbow catch technique, shifting the fulcrum of force to the latissimus dorsi to prevent rotator cuff strain.

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: What are the water temperature restrictions for wetsuit use in official competitions?

A: According to ITU regulations, wetsuits are generally permitted for age-group events when water temperature is below 22°C. If the temperature exceeds 24.5°C, wetsuits are prohibited to prevent overheating and heatstroke.

Q: Why is optical heart rate monitoring on watches often inaccurate during swimming?

A: Water can seep into the gap between the sensor and the skin, and the repeated muscle compression and contraction of the wrist during the pull phase severely interferes with optical blood flow detection. Therefore, a chest strap heart rate transmitter remains the most accurate for underwater heart rate monitoring.

References and Academic Citations

1. European Journal of Sport Science (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

Related Topic Reading

• 【Research Review】Hydrodynamics of the Pool Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking: Advances in Sports Physiology Research (Article 921)
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