[Research Review] Underwater Heart Rate Error Analysis: A Comparative Report of Optical Green-Light Sensors and Chest Strap Heart Rate Monitors in Swimming: International Scientific Literature Translation and Review Report (No. 1182)

Reference Journal Source: Journal of Sports Sciences • International Scientific Research Findings Review Series

This article explores the sources of error in underwater heart rate measurement, comparing the accuracy of optical green-light sensors (PPG) and chest strap heart rate monitors (ECG-based) in swimming environments.

Sources of Error in Optical Heart Rate Sensing

Optical heart rate sensors (used in most sports watches) estimate heart rate by shining green LED light onto the skin and detecting changes in reflected light from blood flow. In swimming scenarios, there are three main sources of error:

• Water intrusion interference: Water seeping through the gap between the strap and skin alters the contact between the sensor and skin, disrupting the stability of the optical signal
• Repeated wrist muscle contraction: The pulling motion repeatedly compresses the wrist muscles and subcutaneous tissue, making the optical signal susceptible to contamination from muscle blood flow signals, which are difficult to distinguish from heartbeat signals
• Cold-induced vasoconstriction: In colder water, peripheral blood vessels constrict, reducing blood flow to the skin’s surface, which inherently weakens the optical signal strength

Relative Advantages and Limitations of Chest Strap Heart Rate Monitors

Chest straps use electrodes to directly detect the heart’s electrical signals (similar to a simplified ECG), and are unaffected by changes in superficial skin blood flow. In theory, they offer higher accuracy and serve as the “gold standard” reference used in most sports science research. However, chest straps still have limitations in swimming: they require good contact to maintain signal stability, prolonged swimming may cause electrode loosening due to skin perspiration/water ingress, and some chest strap products lack sufficient waterproof ratings to withstand extended submersion.

Comparative Error Magnitude of the Two Sensing Methods (Illustrative)

Key Scientific Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

• Choose chest straps for high-intensity training: If precise heart rate zone training is required (e.g., interval workouts), it is recommended to use a chest strap heart rate monitor with sufficient waterproof rating
• Optical watches as trend reference: Although optical sensing data contains errors, it can still serve as a reference for long-term training trends and overall intensity distribution; there is no need to completely abandon it due to inaccuracies
• Verify device fit: Regardless of the sensing method, confirming that the device fits snugly but comfortably before training is the most direct and effective way to reduce errors
• Combine with perceived exertion: When underwater heart rate data is unstable, the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale can be used as a supplementary aid for pace adjustment

Common Research Q&A (FAQ)

Q: Why does watch heart rate often fluctuate erratically during swimming?

A: This is mostly noise caused by optical signals being interfered with by water flow and wrist muscle movement, rather than actual dramatic heart rate fluctuations. It is recommended to interpret using trend lines rather than single-point values.

Q: Are all chest strap heart rate monitors suitable for swimming?

A: No. You need to confirm that the product explicitly indicates a waterproof rating suitable for water use and its signal transmission method (some chest straps using Bluetooth transmission will lose signal underwater; models with underwater memory storage capability should be selected).

References and Academic Citations

1. Journal of Sports Sciences — Research direction related to accuracy comparison of wearable device heart rate measurement.
2. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics — Literature related to noise processing of optical heart rate sensing signals.

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