[Science Briefing] Hydrodynamics of the Flip Turn and the Effects of Underwater Dolphin Kicking in Swimming Pools: A Review of the Latest Academic Literature and Training Practice (Article 183)

Source Journal Reference: European Journal of Sport Science • International Scientific Research Briefing Series

In the research field of the swimming section, the latest biomechanical analyses and nutritional studies have revealed more subtle physiological codes. This research report is compiled from cutting-edge literature in the European Journal of Sport Science, providing a detailed analysis of the performance of subjects in the experimental and control groups. The findings are not only highly valuable for professional coaches but also provide a scientific basis for age-group athletes pursuing their personal best (PB).

Physiological Effects of Wetsuits on Body Streamlining and Drag Reduction in Swimming

Wetsuits are typically made of 3-5mm neoprene. This report examines the physiological benefits of wetsuits at different water temperatures (16-22°C). The results confirm that wetsuits provide significant buoyancy compensation, particularly by lifting the swimmer’s lower body (pelvis and legs), reducing sinking drag by up to 12%-15%. This improves the swimmer’s average 100-meter pace by 4-8 seconds while also providing excellent thermal protection.

Hydrodynamics of the Swimming Pool Turn and Underwater Dolphin Kicking

In pool training, every turn is an opportunity to improve efficiency. This hydrodynamic study analyzed the glide depth after pushing off the wall (optimal at 0.5-0.9 meters underwater) and the dynamic dolphin kick frequency before surfacing. The research indicates that the glide speed after pushing off the wall is extremely fast. Initiating high-frequency, low-amplitude dolphin kicks before the glide speed drops to cruising speed maximizes the extension of underwater momentum and reduces wave drag.

Flip Turn Underwater Glide Length and Drag Testing in Swimming Pools

Below is a compiled comparison of the experimental control group and multi-dimensional data:

Key Scientific Conclusions and Practical Recommendations

Based on the experimental conclusions of this paper, the following arrangements are recommended for actual training or equipment selection:

• Gastrointestinal Adaptation: During long-distance aerobic training, carbohydrate intake per hour should follow the golden ratio of 2:1 glucose to fructose for adaptation.
• Equipment Efficiency Adaptation: When using carbon-fiber stiff plates or deep-section wheels, gradually increase weekly mileage to allow sufficient adaptation time for the Achilles tendon and joints.
• Quantified Data Monitoring: It is recommended to use heart rate variability or VO₂max zones to continuously assess autonomic nervous system fatigue and overload indicators.
• Biomechanical Feedback: Strengthening the gluteus medius and deep core muscles can significantly improve pelvic tilt during the stance phase, preventing uneven patellar loading under high intensity.
• Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction: During the underwater pull phase in swimming, focus on the EVF (Early Vertical Forearm) high-elbow catch technique, shifting the fulcrum of force to the latissimus dorsi to prevent rotator cuff strain.

Common Scientific Q&A (FAQ)

Q: What are the temperature restrictions for wearing wetsuits in official races?

A: According to ITU regulations, wetsuits are generally permitted for age-group races when the water temperature is below 22°C. If the temperature exceeds 24.5°C, wetsuits are prohibited to prevent overheating and heatstroke.

Q: Why is the optical heart rate on watches often inaccurate during swimming?

A: Water can seep into the gap between the sensor and the skin, and the repeated muscle compression and contraction of the wrist during the stroke can severely interfere with optical blood flow detection. Therefore, a chest strap heart rate transmitter remains the most accurate for underwater heart rate monitoring.

References and Academic Citations

1. European Journal of Sport Science (2025). Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 245-258. “Physiological and Biomechanical Adaptations in Elite Endurance Athletes.”

2. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics (2026). “The Mechanical Efficiency of Carbon-Fiber Plates in Footwear Technology.”

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