Standing Up for the Final 100 Yards at 16%: The Complete Guide to Mount Diablo in the San Francisco Bay Area

Bay Area mornings often look like this: San Francisco is still wrapped in gray-white sea fog, but east across the bay, over the hills, the small town of Danville is already warm and sunny. You lean your bike against the roadside and look up at the mountain with its twin-peaked silhouette—it isn’t tall, just 1,173 meters above sea level, more than two thousand meters lower than Wuling, and it even looks a bit plain.

Then you ride up. A little over an hour later, standing on the observation deck of the stone tower at the summit, on a clear day you’ll see a white jagged line on the eastern horizon—that’s the Sierra Nevada, more than two hundred kilometers away. Turn west, and there are eight bay-crossing bridges, the entire bay, and the Pacific Ocean in the distance. This mountain, only 1,173 meters tall, has one of the largest visible ranges in the entire western United States.

This is Mount Diablo, Devil Mountain. It’s the acknowledged “home mountain” of the San Francisco Bay Area road cycling scene, and one of the most-ridden mountains in America—the place where the most people test their FTP, and where the most people get their pride crushed.

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1. Why a Mountain Under 1,200 Meters Became a Pilgrimage Site

Taiwanese cyclists easily underestimate Diablo. 1,004 meters of climbing, 5.7% average gradient—on paper, that’s roughly “a bit more than a Bei-Yi ride,” which doesn’t sound intimidating at all.

But what makes Diablo Diablo isn’t absolute elevation; it’s three things coming together at once:

First, accessibility. The towns at the base—Danville and Walnut Creek—are residential areas within the Bay Area commuter belt. It’s less than an hour’s drive from San Francisco, and riding from the city is also feasible. A mountain you can “sneak in a lap after work” accumulates an astonishing number of rider visits over time.

Second, year-round ridability. California’s Mediterranean climate means almost no snow in winter (the 45 cm of snow in 2009 was a once-in-several-decades news event), and no rain in summer. That means more than three hundred days a year, this road is waiting for you. The “can’t train climbs during the rainy season” and “landslide closures after typhoons” that Taiwanese cyclists know well barely exist here.

Third, that view. This is the real killer feature. Diablo stands isolated on the inland plain of the Bay Area, with no higher peaks around to block the view, so the summit offers a full 360-degree panorama. When conditions cooperate, you can see the snowline of the Sierra Nevada to the east and the towers of the Golden Gate Bridge to the west. This cost-performance ratio of “one hour of suffering for one spectacular vista” is why its popularity has never faded for three decades.

2. Route Basics

Mount Diablo has two main paved ascent routes: the South Gate Road (from Danville/Diablo) and the North Gate Road (from Walnut Creek). They meet at the mid-mountain junction (The Junction), then share Summit Road to the top.

Item	South Gate Route (Main)	North Gate Route
Country/Region	California, USA; East Bay, San Francisco Bay Area; Mount Diablo State Park	Same as left
Start → Finish	Outside Diablo/Danville community → Summit observation tower	Outside Walnut Creek → Summit observation tower
Length	Approx. 17.6 km (approx. 10.5 miles)	Approx. 19.8 km
Total Climbing	Approx. 1,000 m (approx. 3,190–3,250 ft)	Approx. 1,130 m
Average Gradient	Approx. 5.7%	Approx. 5.7%
Maximum Gradient	Steepest 100 m approx. 16%; the final 100-yard sign section is documented at 16–17%	Similar (shares the final section)
Start/Finish Elevation	Approx. 165 m → approx. 1,169 m (summit 1,173 m)	Approx. 40 m → approx. 1,169 m
Source of Fame	The Bay Area’s most popular road climb; annual October Mount Diablo Challenge (approx. 10.8 miles / 3,249 ft)	The other side of the same mountain

A note on data discipline: different databases show noticeably different figures for this climb’s length and elevation gain, mainly because of “where you start counting.” Some start at the park’s South Gate toll booth, some extend down to the intersection in Danville, and some double-count the short descents along the way. The table above takes the intersection range of several mainstream climb databases; for actual numbers, defer to your own bike computer and the signs on site—a 5% difference is completely normal.

3. Section-by-Section Breakdown: This Mountain Saves the Hard Part for Last

Diablo’s gradient distribution has a very distinct personality: gentle at the start, biting in the middle, and outright nasty at the end. One climb database breaks the South Gate route’s gradient distribution down as “roughly 35% of the route at 0–5%, about 52% at 5–10%, and about 8% at 10–15%.” That distribution looks friendly—the problem is that that 8% of steep sections is almost entirely concentrated in the second half.

Section 1: Start to the South Gate Toll Booth (first ~2 km)

Starting from the intersection outside the Diablo community, the road begins with a continuous gentle climb through a residential area shaded by oak trees. The gradient here wanders between 4–6%—a very standard “warm-up zone.”

Pacing key: this is the easiest place on the whole route to make a mistake. Because the gradient is mild, the pavement is good, and your legs are fresh, many people push their heart rate to threshold right here. Remember that your target pace should be the route average, not how good you feel in the first 2 km. A Taiwanese comparison: this is like Puli to Wushe on the way up Wuling—it looks easy, but every extra watt spent here costs double later.

Section 2: South Gate to The Junction (approx. 2–10 km)

Once you cross into the state park boundary, the scenery changes. Oak woodlands gradually give way to dry grass slopes and scrub; in summer the whole mountain turns golden, while spring carpets it with wildflowers. This section has a rare gift: not long after the South Gate, there’s nearly half a mile of almost-flat road where you can even coast a little. On a 17 km climb, that half-mile of rest has strategic value.

The overall average gradient here is about 4.5–4.7%, making it the most “conversational” section of the entire route. A few corners suddenly kick up to around 8%, then ease off again.

When you reach The Junction (the ranger station at the fork), you’ll have ridden about 6.1 miles and climbed roughly 460–520 meters. There’s a drinking fountain here, plus a basic tool station for cyclists—this is the only reliable refill point on the entire route, so be sure to stop and fill your bottles.

Pacing key: push this section at an intensity where you can still “speak in full sentences.” Heart rate should be at the upper aerobic range, power around 80–88% of your FTP, saving your legs for what’s ahead.

Section 3: The Junction to the Final 3 km (approx. 10–14.5 km)

Past the junction, the road turns onto Summit Road and the difficulty shifts gears immediately. The average gradient here jumps to around 7%, and there are no more flat sections to catch your breath.

The views open up here too. You start to see the direction of the entire San Joaquin Valley; one side of the road drops away into open grass slopes, the other is a rocky wall. The pavement on this section is usually decent, but watch for gravel and sand—California’s dry climate lets fine sand accumulate easily on the outside of corners.

Pacing key: this is the section that determines your time. If you paced correctly earlier, you should be able to hold near-FTP intensity here; if you went out too hard, this is where you’ll start “losing power while your heart rate stays high”—that’s a clear warning sign, and you should back off immediately, or you’ll be walking the final section.

Section 4: The Final 3 km—the Steepest Mile of the Route

According to one source, the “steepest mile” on the South Gate route appears about two miles from the summit, averaging about 8.4%; the steepest quarter-mile averages about 11.9%. This section brings continuous hairpin turns, the road narrows, and there are no guardrails on the edge—just a grass slope dropping hundreds of meters below.

Wind also appears here. Diablo’s summit is windy year-round, and because the mountain stands isolated, the wind direction keeps changing as you circle the mountain—one corner is sheltered, the next hits you with a crosswind.

Pacing key: switch to the “corner rhythm method” here. The inside of a turn is steeper, the outside is shallower. On the steep inside, allow your cadence to drop as you grind through for thirty seconds, then immediately return to a seated, smooth spin after the corner. Don’t stand and sprint out of the steep inside—that will burn your last matches prematurely.

Section 5: The Wall in the Final 100 Yards

This is Diablo’s most famous—and most infamous—design feature. Just when you can see the stone tower at the summit and think you’re finally done, the entrance ramp in the last hundred meters suddenly pitches up, hitting 16–17%.

Some riders describe it as “the only stretch of the day where you seriously consider getting off and walking.” It’s too short to refuel, too short to re-pace—you just have to eat it. And it arrives after you’ve been riding for over an hour, with legs full of metabolic waste.

Tactical advice: 500 meters before this section, shift into your easiest gear in advance (don’t shift on the wall itself—changing gears under high torque risks dropping the chain or skipping). When you hit the wall, stand up; hands on the drops or hoods both work, but the key is to shift your weight forward to keep the front wheel down, while keeping your cadence from dropping below 40 rpm. Break it into chunks by counting pedal strokes: count to thirty, and it’s over.

4. Power and Pacing Estimates: What the Physics Model Says

In this section, we won’t rely on feel—we’ll calculate the numbers directly using the standard vehicle dynamics model.

Model and Assumed Parameters

On a climb, a rider must overcome three forces, with total power as:

P = (Fg + Fr + Fa) × v ÷ drivetrain efficiency

Fg = m × g × sin(arctan(gradient))        gravitational component
Fr = m × g × cos(arctan(gradient)) × Crr   rolling resistance
Fa = 0.5 × ρ × CdA × v²                    aerodynamic drag

Assumptions used in this article:

Parameter	Value	Notes
Rider weight	70 kg	With 60/80 kg comparisons
Bike and gear	9 kg	Including bottles, tools, food
Total mass m	79 kg
Gravitational acceleration g	9.81 m/s²
Rolling resistance coefficient Crr	0.005	Road tires on asphalt
Frontal area CdA	0.32 m²	Seated climbing; limited effect at low speed
Air density ρ	Calculated by elevation	Diablo’s average elevation approx. 667 m, ρ ≈ 1.148 kg/m³, about 93.8% of sea level (1.225)
Drivetrain efficiency	0.975

The effect of elevation on air density on Diablo is actually very small—less than a 7% density drop, and since climbing speeds are low, aerodynamic drag accounts for only a small portion of total resistance anyway. This is very different from the high-elevation routes covered later in this series (such as Colorado’s 3,700-meter roads), where air density is only about 70% of sea level—a completely different situation.

South Gate Full Route (17.6 km / 1,004 m / 5.71%) Estimates

Power-to-Weight Ratio	Corresponding Rider Profile	Actual Power (70 kg rider)	Estimated Finish Time	Average Speed	VAM (Vertical Ascent per Hour)
2.0 W/kg	Beginner, just finishing	140 W	Approx. 1:46	9.9 km/h	Approx. 567 m/h
2.5 W/kg	General enthusiast	175 W	Approx. 1:26	12.2 km/h	Approx. 698 m/h
3.0 W/kg	Solid weekend rider	210 W	Approx. 1:13	14.4 km/h	Approx. 824 m/h
3.5 W/kg	Advanced	245 W	Approx. 1:04	16.5 km/h	Approx. 944 m/h
4.0 W/kg	Strong amateur	280 W	Approx. 57 min	18.6 km/h	Approx. 1,059 m/h
5.0 W/kg	Competitive	350 W	Approx. 47 min	22.3 km/h	Approx. 1,271 m/h
6.0 W/kg	Pro level	420 W	Approx. 41 min	25.7 km/h	Approx. 1,465 m/h

Weight Difference Comparison (Same W/kg, Different Body Sizes)

Many people assume that if two riders have the same W/kg, they’ll reach the top at the same time—but that’s not quite true. A heavier rider at the same W/kg produces more absolute power, and aerodynamic drag doesn’t increase proportionally, so on climbs they actually have a slight advantage (the steeper and slower the climb, the more pronounced this effect):

W/kg	60 kg Rider	70 kg Rider	80 kg Rider
2.5	Approx. 1:28	Approx. 1:26	Approx. 1:25
3.0	Approx. 1:15	Approx. 1:13	Approx. 1:12
4.0	Approx. 58 min	Approx. 57 min	Approx. 56 min
5.0	Approx. 49 min	Approx. 47 min	Approx. 46 min

The differences are small (about 1–3%), but this explains a common puzzle: why some stocky-looking riders aren’t slow on climbs. The real key is always W/kg itself; body size is only a second-order correction.

Validating the Model Against a Real Record

The Mount Diablo Challenge is an annual hill climb held every October. The course is about 10.8 miles with about 3,249 feet of climbing (approx. 17.4 km / 990 m), drawing between 800 and 1,100 participants. The publicly documented course record is 43 minutes 33 seconds (set in 2008).

Plugging that time into the model in reverse: 43:33 over 17.4 km with 990 m of climbing means an average speed of about 23.9 km/h and a VAM of about 1,364 m/h. For a 65 kg rider, that requires about 354 W—that is, sustaining about 5.4–5.5 W/kg for over forty minutes.

Our model at 5.5 W/kg predicts a time of 43 minutes 23 seconds—just ten seconds off the actual record. This means the magnitude of the table above is credible.

(Note: different years’ timing start points, minor course adjustments, and daily wind conditions all cause variation, and the timing standards of various records aren’t fully consistent.)

How Many Watts to Break One Hour?

Among Bay Area cyclists, the Mount Diablo Challenge has a widely circulated benchmark: breaking one hour. Using the model on the Challenge course:

Rider Weight	W/kg Needed to Break One Hour	Corresponding Absolute Power
55 kg	Approx. 3.89 W/kg	Approx. 214 W
60 kg	Approx. 3.81 W/kg	Approx. 229 W
65 kg	Approx. 3.75 W/kg	Approx. 244 W
70 kg	Approx. 3.70 W/kg	Approx. 259 W
75 kg	Approx. 3.65 W/kg	Approx. 274 W
80 kg	Approx. 3.61 W/kg	Approx. 289 W

In other words, a rider with an FTP of about 260 W and a body weight of 70 kg sits right on the edge of breaking one hour. That’s also why this benchmark is so elegantly designed—it lands precisely at “a seriously trained amateur rider can reach it with a bit of effort.”

All of the above are physical model estimates, not accounting for wind, road roughness, body shape differences, that day’s temperature, or fueling conditions—actual results will vary.

5. Weather, Seasons, and the Variables That Can Ruin Your Finish

Summer Heat Is Genuinely Dangerous

The Bay Area’s reputation is cool, but that’s the San Francisco peninsula. Diablo is inland, and summer afternoons can get brutally hot—the park’s weather station has recorded temperatures above 43°C (111°F, in July 1972).

What makes it worse is that this mountain has almost no shade. Past the lower section, the entire road runs across open grass slopes, with the sun beating down from directly overhead and the asphalt radiating heat back. The correct summer approach: start at dawn, reach the summit before 9 a.m., and be back down before 11 a.m. This is the same logic as riding Wuling in a Taiwanese summer—except Diablo’s elevation isn’t high enough to cool you down at the top.

Fire Risk and Closures

During California’s wildfire season (roughly late summer through fall), the state park may temporarily close roads due to extreme fire danger. These closures are often announced the day before or even the day of. Always check the park’s official announcements before you go—don’t plan based on “it was open last time I was here.”

Winter Ice and Slippery Conditions

In winter, the summit can see frost or occasional thin ice, especially on shaded corners in the early morning. Fallen leaves and mud after rain can also make descents very slippery.

Park Hours

The state park has fixed opening hours (generally from morning to sunset), and the gates are locked after closing. Be sure to factor the descent into your schedule—don’t get caught in the dark.

6. Culture and Ecology on the Mountain

“Eye of Diablo”—the Light at the Summit

In 1928, an oil company built an aviation beacon at the summit, dubbed the “Eye of Diablo.” It was extinguished under blackout orders after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and since 1964, Pearl Harbor survivors have relit the beacon every December 7 as a memorial. If you happen to ride up around that time, there’s a commemorative ceremony at the summit.

The Autumn Tarantula Migration

Every fall (roughly August through October), male tarantulas on Diablo leave their burrows to find mates, slowly crossing the roads. It’s one of the park’s signature natural spectacles, complete with official guided programs. They’re harmless to humans, but please don’t ride over them—it’s an unwritten rule among local cyclists.

The Origin of the Name

The name “Monte del Diablo” traces back to a conflict between Spanish colonists and indigenous people in 1805, and was officially established as “Mount Diablo” in 1850. Local accounts vary, which is part of the mountain’s mystique.

The Tower at the Summit

The summit visitor center is a stone tower housing natural history exhibits and an observation deck. One popular detail inside: a rock embedded in the wall, said to be the highest point in the state, which you can reach out and touch—many cyclists take their summit photos right there. There are vending machines and drinking water next to the tower.

7. A Taiwanese Cyclist’s Perspective: Translating Your Own Ability

How It Compares to Taiwanese Climbs

Mount Diablo’s difficulty profile is actually very easy for Taiwanese cyclists to understand:

Comparison Item	Mount Diablo South Gate	Taiwanese Reference
Length scale	Approx. 17.6 km	Considerably longer than Fengguizui (from the Palace Museum direction); close to the scale of the northern Bei-Yi section
Climbing scale	Approx. 1,000 m	Roughly the total of “one Datun Mountain plus one Balaka”
Average gradient	Approx. 5.7%	Feels similar to Provincial Highway 14A below Cingjing
Steepest section	Approx. 16–17% (but only 100 yards)	Similar to the short steep walls on County Road 106 or some North Coast branch roads
Elevation effect	Almost none (max 1,169 m)	Far below Wuling; no altitude concerns

The most direct translation: if you can finish a familiar 1,000-meter climb from your front door in under 1 hour 20 minutes, you’ll likely land around 1 hour 15 minutes on Diablo. For Taiwanese cyclists, this mountain has no “unknown high-altitude variables”—just a pure physical contest. That’s precisely what makes it such a great self-testing ground.

Why Taiwanese Cyclists Should Treat It as a “Starter Climb”

If you’re planning your first cycling trip to the American West, Diablo is an excellent first stop:

1. Jet-lag friendly: Close to San Francisco Airport; you can ride the day after arriving, no long transfers needed.
2. No altitude acclimatization needed: 1,169 meters is imperceptible to anyone who regularly rides in Taiwan.
3. Controllable difficulty: You can turn around at The Junction (about halfway) or push the full route—very flexible.
4. Usable as a benchmark: Your performance on Diablo can directly help you estimate what adjustments you’ll need on other big Western climbs (like California’s Mount Baldy or Colorado’s high-elevation routes).

Practical Preparation (General Advice—Check Official Announcements for Details)

• Gearing: The final 16% wall deserves serious respect. A compact crank (50/34) with an 11-32T or 11-34T cassette is a solid choice. If your FTP is below 3 W/kg, strongly consider a largest cog of 34T or bigger.
• Water: The Junction is the only reliable refill point on the entire route. Two bottles is the absolute minimum; in summer, bring three or add electrolytes.
• Food: There are supplies in the towns at the base, but options on the mountain are very limited. Eat well before starting and carry two energy bars in your pocket.
• Bike rental: The Bay Area has road bike rental services, but confirm the model, specifications, pricing, and hours directly with the shop—don’t trust outdated information online.
• Parking: Street parking in the communities at the base has its own rules; pay attention to posted signs.
• Traffic rules: In the US, traffic drives on the right. Cyclists must also stop at STOP signs—this is very different from Taiwanese habits.

8. Safety Reminders (Please Read to the End)

The descent is where this mountain’s real risk lies. The potential energy you spent an hour building on the way up gets released in twenty minutes on the way down.

• Brake overheating: Continuous dragging on a long descent can overheat rims or rotors. Disc brake riders should watch for hydraulic brake fade; rim brake riders especially should avoid prolonged dragging, which can cause inner tube blowouts. The correct technique is intermittent hard braking, release, then brake again, giving the brakes a chance to cool.
• Hypothermia: Even in summer, the summit can have strong winds. The sweat you worked up climbing becomes a source of hypothermia on the descent. Always carry a lightweight windbreaker and put it on at the summit before heading down.
• Crosswinds: The summit area of Diablo is windy with shifting directions; you can be pushed suddenly by crosswinds when rounding the ridge. On the descent, lower your center of gravity, grip the drops, and slow down.
• Gravel and sand: California is dry, and fine sand accumulates on the outside of corners. Finish your braking before the corner; don’t brake mid-turn.
• Wildlife: Besides tarantulas, the mountain also has rattlesnakes, deer, and coyotes. Control your speed through blind corners.
• Cell signal: Some sections have poor reception. If riding solo, tell someone your route and expected time.
• Heat warning signs: If you experience dizziness, nausea, cool clammy skin, or stop sweating, stop climbing immediately, move to shade, and sip water. Untreated heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke, which is a life-threatening medical emergency.
• This article shares route and training information and does not replace professional medical evaluation. If you have cardiovascular disease, chronic conditions, or recent illness, consult a physician before undertaking high-intensity climbing. Training recommendations vary greatly between individuals—progress gradually.
• Roads are public thoroughfares, not racecourses—please do not race on open traffic roads.

10. The North Gate Route: The Other Half of Diablo

Most visiting cyclists only know the South Gate, but locals often ride the North Gate Road, ascending from the Walnut Creek side.

Comparison Item	South Gate	North Gate
Length	Approx. 17.6 km	Approx. 19.8 km
Climbing	Approx. 1,000 m	Approx. 1,130 m
Average gradient	Approx. 5.7%	Approx. 5.7%
Start elevation	Approx. 165 m	Approx. 40 m
Traffic	Busier	Quieter
Gradient rhythm	Gentle then steep, with a coastable section	More even undulation, fewer breathers

The two routes have nearly identical average gradients, but they feel very different. The South Gate has that half-mile of flat to recover; the North Gate is almost a steady grind with no obvious rest zones. Many locals say the North Gate “looks better on paper but rides harder,” because it never gives you a chance to redistribute your effort.

Using the model for the full North Gate route (19.8 km / 1,130 m): a 3.0 W/kg rider needs about 1 hour 22 minutes, 4.0 W/kg about 1 hour 04 minutes, and 5.0 W/kg about 53 minutes. Compared to the South Gate, that’s about 8–13% more time, consistent with the roughly 130 meters of extra climbing.

Advanced play: Locals have a ride called the “Double Gate”—up one side, down the other, back up again, and down to the start, totaling about 55 km with over 2,000 meters of climbing. The challenge isn’t the gradient; it’s that the descents between the two climbs cool your body down and force you to restart, demanding much more from your pacing and fueling. If you want a long endurance stimulus on Diablo, this is the best menu item.

11. The Five Most Common Failure Modes

The reasons people “blow up” on Diablo are highly repetitive. These five are the most common, and all are preventable:

Failure mode one: over-pacing in the first 20 minutes. This is the biggest one. The early gradient is mild, your legs are fresh, and others around you are pushing—it’s easy to ride above FTP without realizing it. Solution: set a hard ceiling with power or heart rate and don’t exceed it for the first 20 minutes. Without a power meter, use “can I speak a full sentence” as your standard.

Failure mode two: underestimating hydration. Inland California is extremely dry, with humidity often in the teens. Your sweat evaporates instantly, making you think you’re not sweating much. Taiwanese cyclists are especially prone to this, because in Taiwan’s humid heat, “soaked jersey” is a visual cue for dehydration—that cue simply doesn’t exist here. Solution: set timed hydration reminders—take a sip every 15 minutes, don’t rely on thirst.

Failure mode three: gearing that isn’t light enough. Many people head up with an 11-28T, do fine on the lower slopes, then get eliminated by that final 16%. Solution: before you go, test your easiest gear on a short steep climb in Taiwan (like a rural mountain access road) and confirm you can still turn it at around 40 rpm.

Failure mode four: treating The Junction as the finish. When you reach the fork, you’ve covered 60% of the distance but less than half of the climbing—and the second half is noticeably steeper. Psychologically telling yourself “almost there” is a dangerous self-suggestion. Solution: explicitly define The Junction as “the start of the second half”—refill, refuel, and reset your pace there.

Failure mode five: not dressing for the descent. The summit can be 8–10°C cooler than the base, and with wind chill from 50+ km/h speeds plus a soaked jersey, hypothermia sets in faster than you’d think. Solution: a windbreaker isn’t optional—it’s mandatory.

12. Action Checklist

One week before departure:

1. Confirm park open status and the day’s weather (especially summer fire risk, winter ice).
2. Check your gearing—make sure you have a gear light enough for that final wall.
3. Do an “equivalent test” in Taiwan first: find a 15–18 km route with about 1,000 m of climbing (e.g., a Bei-Yi or Datun combination), record your average power and time, and compare against the tables above to estimate.

On departure day:

4. Start at dawn (especially in summer), getting your ascent done before the hottest hours.
5. Deliberately hold back power for the first 2 km—don’t exceed 105% of your target pace.
6. Stop at The Junction to refill water—it’s the only reliable water source on the route.
7. Use the corner rhythm method in the second half: grind through the steep inside, spin smoothly out of the corner, and don’t stand and sprint on the steep insides.
8. Shift to your easiest gear 500 meters before the end, ready to eat that 16% hundred-yard wall.
9. Put on your windbreaker at the summit before descending—don’t bomb down in a soaked jersey.
10. Touch that rock in the tower and take a photo. You’ve just completed one of the most-pilgrimaged climbs in America.

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